PTCA

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is performed to open blocked coronary arteries caused by coronary artery disease (CAD) and to restore arterial blood flow to the heart tissue without open-heart surgery. A special catheter (long hollow tube) is inserted into the coronary artery to be treated. This catheter has a tiny balloon at its tip. The balloon is inflated once the catheter has been placed into the narrowed area of the coronary artery. The inflation of the balloon compresses the fatty tissue in the artery and makes a larger opening inside the artery for improved blood flow.

The use of fluoroscopy (a special type of x-ray, similar to an x-ray “movie”) assists the physician in the location of blockages in the coronary arteries as the contrast dye moves through the arteries. A small sample of heart tissue (called a biopsy) may be obtained during the procedure to be examined later under the microscope for abnormalities.

A technique called intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), a technique that uses a computer and a transducer that sends out ultrasonic sound waves to create images of the blood vessels, may be used during PTCA. The use of IVUS provides direct visualization and measurement of the inside of the blood vessels and may assist the physician in selecting the appropriate size of balloons and/or stents, to ensure that a stent, if used, is properly opened, or to evaluate the use of other angioplasty instruments.

The physician may determine that another type of procedure is necessary. This may include the use of atherectomy (removal of plaque) at the site of the narrowing of the artery. In atherectomy, there may be tiny blades on a balloon or a rotating tip at the end of the catheter. When the catheter reaches the narrowed spot in the artery, the plaque is broken up or cut away to open the artery. Atherectomy is used when the plaque is calcified, hardened, or if the vessel is completely closed. Another type of atherectomy procedure uses a laser, which opens the artery by "vaporizing" the plaque.

Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is characterized as an acute or chronic inflammatory condition of bone due to secondary infection of bacterial organisms. There are basically two process of contracting osteomyelitis 1) hematogenous infection and 2) direct contiguous infection. Hematogenous osteomyelitis is a secondary bone infection caused by blood bacteriemia seeding infectious bacteria into the bone through the blood stream. This is a common cause of osteomyelitis in children. Over 85% of hematogenous osteomyelitis is reported in children. This infection is most commonly associated with vascular metaphyseal infection in the young, growing bone. Vessels can thrombose and bone will locally necrose from bacterial infection. Direct or contiguous osteomyelitis is the most common cause of bone infection caused by open ulceration in diabetes after a break in the skin barrier. The most common pathogen to cause this infection is staphylococcus aureus. However, ulcerative osteomyelitis is multibacterial in nature with common pathogens such as pseudomonas and streptococcus species as primary and secondary organisms.

Heart Attack Symptoms

Chest Pain. People with heart disease or risk factors should be concerned about any chest pain, usually precipitated by exercise or stress, that interrupts normal activities and does not clear up after resting or taking angina medications. Chest symptoms might be experienced as follows:

• Pain is typically felt as a crushing weight against the chest, accompanied by profuse sweating. The pain may radiate to the left shoulder and arm, the neck or jaw, and even infrequently to the right arm. The arm may be tingling or numb.
• Some people may have only a tingling sensation or a sense of fullness, squeezing, or pressure in the chest.
• In some patients with a history of heart disease, chest pain is mild. Such patients may have experienced unexplained fatigue, depression, and ill health within a month of a heart attack. Although chest pain is the classic symptom, it occurs in only about half of patients with a heart attack.

Other Common Symptoms.

• Nausea, vomiting, and cold sweats
• A feeling of indigestion or heartburn
• Fainting
• A great fear of impending death, a phenomena known as angor animi

Atypical Symptoms. Some studies suggest that nearly half of patients with heart attack do not have chest pain as the primary symptom. Common atypical symptoms of a heart attack include:

• Shortness of breath
• Cardiac arrest
• Dizziness, weakness, and fainting
• Abdominal pain

Patients most likely to have atypical symptoms are women and the very elderly (although they can certainly have classic heart attack symptoms as well).

• In one study, 52% of elderly people with acute coronary syndrome had atypical symptoms that included shortness of breath, nausea, profuse sweating, pain in the arms, and fainting. Such symptoms were more likely to occur in people with personal or family history of heart disease.
• Before a heart attack, women are more likely than men to be nauseous and experience pain high in the abdomen or chest. Their first symptom may be extreme fatigue after physical activity rather than chest pain. Chest pain in women is also more likely to be caused by non-heart problems than in men.

Symptoms That Are Less Likely to Indicate a Heart Attack. The following symptoms are less likely to be due to a heart attack:

• Sharp pain brought on by lung movements or coughing
• Pain that is mainly or only in the middle or lower abdomen
• Pain that can be pinpointed with the top of one finger
• Pain that can be reproduced by moving or pressing on the chest wall or arms
• Pain that is constant and lasts for hours (although no one should wait hours if they suspect they are having a heart attack)
• Pain that is very brief and lasts for a few seconds
• Pain that spreads to the legs

However, the presence of these symptoms does not always rule out a serious heart event (health.nytimes.com).

Breats Cancer

Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Symptoms of breast cancer include:

• enlarged lymph nodes in the armpit ("axillary")
• nipple discharge
• lumps, dimples or swelling in the breast
• suddenly inverted nipple or nipple pain
• persistent breast tenderness
• sudden prominent veins at the surface of the breast.

These are cancer warning signs and should not be ignored.

Lumps are typically firm structures that may or may not be painful. Any armpit lump, enlarged lymph nodes, or breast swelling should be reported to your doctor. Skin discoloration or texture change should be similarly shared.

Borobudur Yogyakarta

Borobudur temple (at two seasons of the year) — one of the most magnificent Buddhist shrines in the world — was built at the end of the 9th century by the Hindu kings of the Sailendra dynasty. Borobudur is located 42 kms west of Yogyakarta, on the island of Java in Indonesia. The plan for this stupa is a schematized representation of the cosmos, a mandala. After visiting its lower terraces decorated with bas-relief, pilgrims attain the shrine's crowning stupa, which symbolizes the Absolute.Yogyakarta, Indonesian have many unique situs, e.c prambanan temples, kalasan temple, mendut temple, beautiful beach i.e parangtritis, samas, and depok beach with sun set.

Attorney Malpractice

There are three main types of attorney malpractice:

• Negligence – If your attorney did not treat your case as well as an average attorney should, then your attorney was probably negligent in handling your case. Your attorney may have committed malpractice, and can be held liable for any damages you suffered as a result.
• Breach of Fiduciary Duty – If an attorney acts in his own best interest instead of yours and your case is adversely affected because of it, your attorney has probably committed malpractice by breaching his fiduciary duty. You can sue your attorney for the damages you suffered.
• Breach of Contract – When you hire an attorney, you sign a contract with him. If he fails to do what the contract obligates him to do, then he has committed malpractice and you may be able to recover damages.
  

There are many ways an attorney can commit malpractice. Here are a few common examples of lawyer malpractice:

• Blunders – If your attorney makes outrageous mistakes, such as missing court dates and deadlines, failing to properly submit documents to the court, or otherwise being irresponsible, your attorney may have committed malpractice.
• Bad Checks – If your attorney sends you a check from his own account for damages you've won, and the check bounces, your attorney may have committed malpractice.
• Settling Without Your Permission – If your attorney settles a case without your permission, your attorney may be liable for malpractice.
• Failing to Contact You – If your attorney has not returned your phone calls or responded to your letters for a long period of time, he may have committed malpractice
  (legalmatch.com).

Lung Cancer to Asbestos Exposure

A smoker has a risk of lung cancer because of smoking that is much greater than that of individuals who have never smoked, but, even so, that person has a fairly good chance of not developing a lung cancer based on the risk seen in the population of all smokers. If that smoker does develop lung cancer, the lung cancer will be caused by the tobacco smoke and could have been avoided if the person had never smoked. If we look closer at the population of smokers with a risk of lung cancer, we can identify criteria that select those with the most risk of developing lung cancer based on the cumulative dose of tobacco smoke that they are exposed to and to factors of individual susceptibility. However, the causal association between tobacco smoke and lung cancer is so strong that we seldom do more than obtain a smoking history and do not require a detailed analysis of corroborating evidence to link a smokers lung cancer to tobacco smoke in the vast majority of cases.

Many studies examine only the risk of lung cancer for asbestos-exposed populations and do not investigate the criteria for ascribing an individuals lung cancer to asbestos exposure. Studies have demonstrated that certain occupations and populations of workers commonly have higher asbestos exposures and greater risks of asbestos-related diseases than others. For compensation, however, a worker must substantiate the individual claim (Philip T. Cagle, 2008).